Rembrandt Van Rijn's Paintings Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Rembrandt Van Rijns Paintings - Term writing ExampleThe paper Rembrandt Van Rijns Paintings explores The Blinding of pig and The Avenge of Samson by Rembrandt van Rijn. magic spell there have been identified more than 400 original works by Rembrandt that have lived by dint of centuries, no one doubts that in the past there existed many more which, unfortunately, have either been lost or destroyed. Today one may savor the beauty and emotional depth of a class of portraits created by Rembrandt back in the 17th century. However, what is even more appealing for a modern viewer is Rembrandts ikons devoted to the Biblical themes and based on the events either from the Old or New Testament. It is wakeless to say why exactly, but the Biblical story of the Hebrew hero Samson, who was known to possess inordinate strength and was kind of Gods champion, was particularly interesting to Rembrandt. The art scholars attribute 5 original works by Rembrandt devoted to Samsons life events. T he Blinding of Samson (1636) is probably the most famous of them. Interestingly, it has been found that one more painting that explored the Samson motif was created by Rembrandt almost straightaway after The Blinding of Samson. The Avenge by Samson (1638) was completed two years later and was unploughed in a private collection of Rembrandts powerful patron Prince Frederick Hendrick of Orange during his lifetime. Allegedly, it was destroyed during the firing off of 1712 or was stolen at the moment of panic in the burning house where it was kept. This paper seeks to explore the meaning., historical context and the form of The Blinding of Samson and, based on this research, hypothesize what the details of The Avenge of Samson might have been. It also focuses on the place these artworks had/might have had in the career of their root Rembrandt van Rijn. The Blinding of Samson Form, Meaning and Historical Context The Blinding of Samson was created back in 1636. At that time, artists typically utilize natural materials that they made themselves, most often oil. The Blinding of Samson is non an exception to that rule. It is written in oil on canvas and it is quite large (235x302 cm). While the painting is an example of the Baroque art and represents the Biblical episode, it is quite naturalistic. It can be attributed to the authors studious use of form. In particular, this artwork exemplifies the dark manner which was introduced by Rembrandts predecessor Caravaggio. In this painting, Rembrandt used luxuriant brushwork which combined with rich color and masterful use of chiaroscuro (the technique of treatment of both liberal and shade). Specifically, his brushstrokes are, as usual, broad and thick. Also, it is these layers of glaze that evidently provide scenes with extra depth and also gravity. Critics claim that these technique helped Rembrandt depict the mood as well as inner mental feeling of the figures since it accentuated their physical features along with expressions on their faces (Encyclopedia of Art, visual-arts-cork.com). In relation to this, Armold Houbraken, a painter and a contemporary of Rembrandt who was familiar with the way the not bad(p) Dutchman worked described that very often his artworks looked as though the paint has been smeared on with a bricklayers towel (van de Wetering 5). Yet, it is this working method that allows his paintings to create an extremely light

Reading reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

knowledge reflective paper - Essay ExampleI have examined several resources concluding very usable information about art the authors of which take up the main questions such as whether art is goaded by the market-gardening, its historical aspect and audience interpretation of works of art. I have observed whatsoever(prenominal) peculiarities of development of art while studying the materials about the museums of art, their remarkable uniformity and the origin of them. The museum is an organizer of culture and, like all organizations, it has its quirks. Nationalism comes into play in the museums organization. However, it shows up in the subtle ways the museum celebrates depicted object identity. Museums give a sense of historical continuity with moments of rupture. Such moments of rupture between periods are more or less always defined as a reaction against what has preceded them. (Diepeveen, Van Laar 10).It is important to mark out the bother of originality those who first d o something are given pride of place. The emphasis on originality results in the inclusion of some kinds of works and the exclusion of others. Ideas of originality and progress devalue work that isnt breaking new ground that is formally conservative. (14).The floor of art museums. The most complete picture of the art can be accessed in the museums which history is very informatively described in the work of Diepeveen and Van Laar The origins of the modern Western art museum construe back to ancient Greece. In Greece the term museion meant a sacred place where under the inspirations of the Muses ceremonies and literary competitions took place. The bulky Museum of Alexandria, Egypt, was the earliest known use of the term as we recognize it today. The Museum of Alexandria created a comprehensive, encyclopedic collection of specimens and artifacts for classification, deliverance and research.With the burning of the Museum of Alexandria, museums disappeared for a while from Western c ulture. The museum

New Technologies and the Emergence of Cyber Crime Dissertation

New Technologies and the Emergence of Cyber Crime - Dissertation ExampleUnder the wanton of this crime, we will specify the effects it has created on the economy of the United Kingdom. Table of Contents Introduction 3 Literature suss out 4 Evidence and Evaluation 8 Conclusion 14 References 18 Introduction Digital lap and globalization in the rising knowledge society has increased the complex legal, ethical and societal issues. like a shot the society is facing difficult and complex questions relate to the access to information, right to privacy, cultural diversity and intellect property rights. For the gathering of information and knowledge, the instrument that is required by all human race beings is ICT, and security in this regard should be guaranteed to them as their basic right. However, throughout the world, the rights of humans are violated one counseling or the other. Violation of these rights has created new problems in the human social system like cybercrime, digita l divide, digital security and privacy concerns for all of them. Round the globe, all of this has affected the lives of the people directly or indirectly (Sembok, 2003). The data processor-related crime such as fraud and forgery is increasing throughout the globe. Other than this, content related offenses like child pornography and violation of intellectual property rights are also emerging apace on the scene. Moreover, threats to the critical infrastructure and national interests are rising by using internet for vicious and terrorist activities (Cevidalli, 2010). In the countries where internet is widely used, the harm to line of reasoninges, governments, and individuals is gaining scope. However, in other countries, the cybercrime threats are rising on the applications of parley and information technology for healthcare, trade, banking and government services. As a result, the users have started losing the confidence in online transactions and business (Sembok, 2003). Globall y, computer-based commerce and communications cut across the territorial boundaries, and create a new realm of human activities, undermining the legitimacy and feasibility of applying geographical boundary laws. The upcoming boundaries in the computer-based world are monitor screen, passwords, firewalls, trespasser detection and virus busters. These have created new personalities, organizations, groups and other new forms of economic, social and political groupings in the realistic world of bits (Sembok, 2003). In this paper, we will discuss the types of cyber crimes and the upcoming frauds that are done by them. Under the light of this crime, we will see the effects it has created on the economy of the United Kingdom. The paper discusses the effects of cyber crimes on the citizens, businesses, government, and the applicable interventions to deal with it. Literature Review Information technology is influencing life all over the world. The developments in the computer skills have m ade the transition possible in information storage, dissemination, and processing from atoms to bits. Because of this the new standards of efficiency, speed, and accuracy in human activities is emerging.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

reproof Paper - Essay ExampleThe role of management and leadership has now more than ever in the first place become increasingly essential in the innate objectives of organizations and enterprises of profitability and survival inside the domestic, regional and foreign markets. Most fundamental in this dawning is the distribution, management and role of human resource. As industries emerge elsewhere deep down the developing and less developed economies, there is a shift in top reference managerial and skilled labor to such regions creating shortages particularly in the already developed economies in the States and Europe. This is especially because, during this transition, there has been a disproportionate increase in the proceeds of excellent managers, buy the farmers and leaders with the number of enterprises and companies in film of these human resource skills. In this light, talent management which concerns the identification-and thereafter-deliberate steps towards empower ing human resources within the organization so as to increase their capacity and competencies to meet current and future organizational ingathering focus and profitability concerns (Berger & Berger, 2010). James Autry talks about the need for leadership in business to be different from a mere managerial function. He argues that effective management is unitary that begins with self-awareness. Having been employed for 30 years and thereafter retiring to pursue his passion in writing and poetry, he has successfully within a decade transformed a print business that is worth in excess of v hundred million dollars. He is very critical of how most Ameri thunder mug companies have turned their backs on their employees in the be-guided pursuit of cost cutting measures or efficiencies. He is an example of how passion for work can intimate a career shift and which eventually leads to profitability. In his assessment of the work place, Autry is in devoid contrast of the principle of separa tion of the work and national which is often than not a norm in most current business organizations and institutions. He argues that the two items are inextricably connected such that one influences and is affected by the other. However, I find resonance with his proposition that, leadership within organizations and, therefore, managers should be in the raw to the emotional needs of employees as identified by Abraham Maslow as a level within his pecking order of human needs. The emotional state of the employee whether it relates to issues at work or home affects the performance of the given idiosyncratic in both areas. That being the case, I find a point of departure where he attempts to annihilate the concept work-home balance the two should be essentially same given that, the underlying concern is remunerative attention to values and living them. I find that the geographic and situational connotation creates a psychographic differentiation amongst home and the office such t hat it subsequently dictates norms, behaviors and actions suitable. I have also had the experience of working from home and regardless of how convenient it felt, certain aspects had to change when time to work arose and vice versa. For instance, I could not work within the comfort of the bedroom. The power of words is truly at its height in todays society, especially, where legal solutions can be sought after for apparent misdeeds against other members within society. In organizations, the need for managers to exercise reasonable care in action or word is exceedingly critical in this regard. The mystery that surrounds

What is democracy to you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is democracy to you - Essay ExampleBefore dwelling further in my person-to-person definition of Democracy, it is pivotal to point out that this system is not perfect. I agree on the circumstance that the system has flaws, but in essence at least the citizens have some profound ready to rectify these issues. Truly, thats what make Democracy great is the fact that individual(a)s have some leverage to revision the political scenario that may hinder development. I always viewed myself as those individuals always harnessing my growth and being a dutiful citizen to ensure that I make a difference via Democracy. I am fully witting of many political and economic principles that can in-adverse effect from Democracy. More than ever, it is my own self-pursuit of life, liberty, and property. In essence, I am pursuing my own endeavors and want to ensure that Democracy can facilitate my quest to have a good standard of life for myself.I think Democracy is more than a political system, it is an ascription of mechanisms that developed over time for the people. The keyword in Democracy is that in its purest form, it is for the people. The Jeffersonian and Hamilton ideals be the manifestation of these ideals. The laws are created and governed for the people, to serve the people. The fact that the founding fathers sacrificed so much is because they understood the value of self-expression and liberation. They understood that America is the country of opportunity. In essence, Democracy for me defines an opportunity. Unlike other nations that impose so much autocracy and confinement, Democracy allows an individual to pursue their own rags to riches story. This concept of liberation has been the focal point of Americans since the era of colonies to modern day America. The ideals of democracy have been created from expressing individuality rather than conforming to a traditional mainstream society. America continues to take a great

Astronomy 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Astronomy 1 - Research Paper usageThe space between the universal objects is not vacant and contains toutes that be distributed in the space. Due to this phenomenon, absorption lines are created into the universe that are called intercellular lines of gases. Due to expansion of the universe, the stars and other stellar objects are moving further and faster as compared to speed of light. Therefore, Hubble law is apply to find the distance in the universe (Goldsmith & Owen, 2001).Stars are just like light emitting bodies. Decrease in visible radiation can be observed if superstar moves them further away. Simple mathematical rule is applied for notifying change in obvious brightness of stars as a function of its distance from us. . The mathematical formula is as follow.Luminosity of star is similarly used to write inverse square law. Luminosity is energy that star emits in each seconds which is measured in watts. It can be described in following manner. If luminosity of star is known then brightness can be measured. Then brightness is used for calculating distance (Goldsmith & Owen, 2001).Geologists have assumed that rocks in earth structure are some 4 billion years old. The stones came from moon and mars also seem to be having same history. It is assumed that earth and planets formed at the same time when sunbathe was formed. Thus our sun is about 5 billion years old approximately. It is huge ball of gas mostly containing hydrogen which is contained due to gravity (Goldsmith & Owen, 2001).The new energy source of sun was proposed by a British astronomer at the end of world war one. He puts three ideas together. Astronomers knew that presence of torrid and dense gases at center of sun are helpful in supporting its fish. Expanding high squelch hot gases maintain the outer layer of sun. Secondly the research proves that four atoms of hydrogen are adapted in weight to one helium atom. The same ratio is composed of subatomic particles. Still the weight of helium is

The collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery is generally understood to Essay

The collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery is generally unders withald to have been multi-causal. delineate the various factors that co - Essay ExamplePreviously, the fishermen caught fish only in certain areas and there too they were unable to fish at a great depth. This limited the amount of fish that were caught and hence a balance in the ecosystem was not majorly disturbed. With the introduction of efficient machines, huge areas were covered and angle could be do at greater depths, which resulted in a rapid decline in the fishing stocks. The Collapse of fishing industry has left a strong message to the Government and to all the companies linked with the utilization of vivid resources. Natural resources are the assets of a country and to over exploit them just for the sake of making extra profits is harmful for the future of the country. Canadian timbres are now facing similar threats and it is being feared that they may meet the same end as the Fishing industry. Ten percent of the worlds forest land is present in Canada and the wood industry generates billions of revenue for the country (Canada, 2010). However the forests are piteous from overcutting of wood and if Government does not introduce policies to barricade the practice, Canadian forests may be doomed similar the Atlantic Cod Fishery.

Movie review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Movie review - Essay ExampleThe movie may be an animation, but it has been geared to be of interest to both adults and kids. In my opinion, this movie ought to be for ages 9 and above. in that location are plenty of lessons and layers packed into the vibrantly and cheerfully colored, animated package.Ted, who is the main character, decides to try to find a current Truffula tree to make an pretendion on a girl called Audrey. They reside in a metropolis called Thneedville, which is encircled by a cement wall where every soul has to buy air in bottles. In Thneedville, there exists no soil and no living thing except the inhabitants and their pets. Every person is jovial, and everything is not genuine.As a young man, the Once-Ler begins to argue that his fortune makes thneeds, which he fashioned from the Truffula trees tufts. After chopping vote down the first tree, he comes across the Lorax, who speaks on behalf of the trees, and tells him that he must not chop them down be acquire this would cause the wrath of nature to stumble upon him.The Once-Ler in due course promises not to bring down both more trees and tries unproductively to sell his product. Finally, in a dumb lucks stroke, the society makes a decision that a thneed is, in fact, great, and all of a sudden every person must acquire one.The enterprise develops, and all the trees are cut. With the natural world scraped, the people must depend on bought wash air and stay inside the citys walls. Towards the storys ending, the Once-Ler comprehends the meaning behind the pull through message from Lorax and offers Ted a gift of the closing Truffula seed in anticipation of planting it and re-developing the forest. The desire of Ted to impress Audrey is now a personal task to remind his town of natures importance.Enter Ted, who obtains the last Truffula seed from the Once-Ler after having his own eco-conversion, is determined to make known corporate corruption, save the earth, and win the shopping mall o f Audrey.

Immigration As A Way To Change Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Immigration As A Way To Change spirit - Essay ExampleThe underdeveloped living surround, with its darkened and rather unpalatable manufacturing structures, create anatmosphere of blandness which is emphasized by the haggard-looking citizens who haul themselves around the city wearily as they live out their lives in both(prenominal) social isolation and fear of the uncertainty that troubling economic environments can cause. During this time period, on the inside the homes of the citizens of Tyler, most interior dcor is completely barren, with tattered curtains and aged weathered furniture. Oftentimes, families have no formal dining atomic number 18as, causing further psychological damage in terms of finding both self-esteem and a sense of belonging in a hostile living environment. Many families are constrained to allow their extended kin to live in their ramshackle apartments or modest domiciles in order to secure enough income simply to keep food in their hungry bellies. In my fa mily, children were forced to crowd into a singular bedroom, which generally consisted of multiple beds, lined up in a gross(a) row amidst an environment desperately in need of renovation and a splash of color. While separate children across the globe experience joy from well-decorated bedrooms, laced with embroidery and posters of famous celebrities or athletes, the sleeping environment in Tyler was as cold and uninviting as the exterior surroundings. During the nighttime hours, my siblings and I would whisper to nonpareil another in the quiet night, always trying to drown out the deafening silence which brought sensations of instability and fear of the unknown. Shortages of food and other Westernized products caused significant problems with most of the local community. Because I was amongst the healthiest in my extended family, I was often elected to secure a single loaf of bread so that the family could have a sustainable supper.

Department of Homeland Security, and Science and Technology Policy and Essay

Department of Homeland Security, and scientific discipline and engineering science Policy and Politics - Essay ExampleScience is about the search for objective evidence that would withstand successful predictions about the world around us while governing is about governing base on the publics acceptance of the legitimacy and accountability of elected officials. On the other hand, in the U.S. democracy, science and politics are uniquely dependent on one another, although the relationship has never been an easy one. The search for fairness in science and for legitimacy in politics both require systems for generating public trust, but these systems are not the same, and indeed they are often incompatible. (Branscomb, Oct. 14, 2006) The aim for both to be acceptable in the rescript entails great deal of issues that are needed to be resolved to attain the same goal of achieving potentiality and concord for the community.The establishment of the Department of Homeland Security ha s created several issues about its yet another governmental dogma that might so fartually become another burden of the federal government that will be the US community.Although science and technology has an unlimited capacity in preserving peace and stability of a nation, the need for a government and public support is an integral part in its ut about success. Even the nearly basic explore requires financial assistance from the government such that it may be able to go forth an incomparable assistance to the society. This irrefutable fact, on the other hand, provides restrictions in its competence of granting both practical and cultural value to society. (Branscomb, Oct. 14, 2006)Moreover, yet other factors that concerns public policy affect the various accomplishments that may have been achieve by science and technology. Foreign policies that promote or limit collaborations of scientists worldwide may prevent wise and innovative ideas to launch. The educational system that may train and develop the raw breed of scientists in the afterlife provides a very limited if not anything at all. The achievement of these goals of science and technology depends on new scientific institutions and facilities that would define the leading-edge capabilities of science. Finally, scientists, like other citizens, do care about how society uses the knowledge their research creates. In addition, for this reason, a great number of citizens are happy to serve on advisory committees even without financial compensation. (Branscomb, Oct. 14, 2006)Scientists have often opposed the government although they have been accepting federal funding. The federal government perceives them as insufficiently grateful of their assistance for which these scientists overly contesting the government policies. Regardless of the situation, the government could not snub the fact that science and technology and the people behind its research and implementation are a substantial factor in attai ning the nations goals. Politicians still rely on the competent, objective, and useful science advices of the scientists such that in most cases, they are incapable of instigating the different functions of the government agencies that requires sound technical advices. (Branscomb, Oct. 14, 2006)The Department of Homeland Security and Science and Technology Policy And Politics in the USSafeguarding the nation has turned out to be the chief(prenominal) concern of the US federal

Marketing plane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing planing machine - Essay ExampleIn addition, the Unilever top counsel believes that this sale would assist the company to counselling much on its core objectives and to continue to deliver sustainable growth for the organisation. According to Kees Kruythoff, president of Unilever North America, as we continue to shape our portfolio to deliver sustainable growth for Unilever, this change will give us the focus to drive growth behind our core foods portfolio (qtd in Dornbrook). In addition, Unilever plans to generate 70% of its total sales from emerge trades by 2020. Probably, Wish-Bone is less likely to gain a wider market acceptance in emerging markets like China, India, or Russia. Therefore, Unilever decided to sell out its iconic brand to add value to its bulky term business goals.When Unilever sells their iconic brand, Pinnacle Foods has their reasons to buy it. First, the current market position of the Pinnacle Foods justifies the planetary houses decision to ac quire Wish-Bone. The companys well recognised products are used by roughly 85% of the American households, and the organisation holds 1 or 2 market position in 10 of the 12 categories in which it operates. Hence it would be easy for the Pinnacle Foods to increase the American market share of Wish-Bone, which is already a leading salad dressing brand in North America. In addition, the aforethought(ip) accomplishment supports the firms market expansion strategies. In the words of Pinnacle Foods CEO chase Gamgort, the acquisition of Wish-Bone is a perfect fit with our successful strategy of Reinvigorating Iconic Brands. (qtd in Dornbrook). He adds that proposed acquisition would benefit the company to achieve cost synergies and to enhance its ability to provide consumers with better meal solutions and expression ideas. The Pinnacle management also claims that Wish-Bone brand has attractive margins and a strong cash flow. The top management thinks that its improved efficiencies on t he

FEA program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

FEA program - Assignment ExampleHowever, with an emergence in technological aspects of the engineering environment, it is imperative to connote the ease in affectation that is made come-at-able by improved technology. Many simulation programs exist depending on the field of application. For example, when dealing with simulation of circuits, a program such as Circuit Maker or, in animation, Autodesk atomic number 18 just a a couple of(prenominal) examples. In this assignment, the learner utilizes Ansys Workbench as the Computer Aided Engineering simulation program. The main precedent for utilization of this softw ar program is that it will be possible to show divergent aspects of a simulation including loading, constraints, and subjection to analysis and component performance. The beauty of this exemplification is in the fact that all the simulation is through with(p) in the context of engineering, thus it becomes possible to understand various aspects of a component. All these elements and considerations tend to intrust on finite element methods. It is good to note that when dealing with finite elements, a complex line is subdivided into smaller actual problems so that the complexity of the problem is consistently eliminated by dealing with the problem in piecemeal form. History suggests that the source of the finite simulation approach is in the fact that ancient scientists represent it hard to deal with complex elasticity as well as structural analysis challenges that are inherent in the world of civil engineering and aeronautic engineering (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka 1996). To be able to operate these challenges, engineers came up with a five-step process that allows them to break the challenge into manageable pieces that are easier to deal with at all stage. The first aspect that has to be considered is the problem identification stage (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka 1996). In this first stage, the shape or structure of the object under consideration is s ketched as well as the load it is anticipated to put on (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka, 1996). This load and sketch is essential since it offers the engineer a better ruling of what impoverishments to be provided by the end of the simulation (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka 1996). However, there are various aspects of the simulation that will emanate from the sketch, hence the need to have a clear yet close resemblance with the anticipated final project (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka 1996). put down Figure 1 The second aspect considered is the creation of the geometry using the software package so that a solid model is produced using a computer aided modeller (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka 1996). Although the solid is good, there are some detail that may be a little hidden. In this case, a second view is needed. Insert Figure 2 The third aspect, which is the view of the solid, is the mesh of the model created (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka 1996). A mesh offers an hazard to clarify the divergent faces of the model under creation while the grids aid in accentuating minute details the edges and curvatures of the model (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka 1996). Insert Figure 3 Once the mesh has been created, the next step is clarification of the limitation conditions (Mori, Osakada &

Community Health Education Intervention Research Paper

Community Health Education Intervention - Research Paper ExampleIn my community, atomic number 53 of the major obstacles that I render seen regarding health bringing up has been the delivery of sex command. One of the most grievous reasons that can be attributed to poor sex education is limitation in curriculums. This has created a lot of problems for the teachers who have been assigned the role of promoting health awareness amongst the population, particularly the youth. Although education related to sexuality is being imparted since both(prenominal) time now, and AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases have made the need for health education even more acute, there are still impediments in its delivery. These obstacles not just prove to be a barrier in the development of the plan but also prevent the telling slaying of the health education initiative. As a yield, the aims of the initiative fall short and the plan fails to achieve its objectives. Gilbert, sawyer beetle and McNeill (2009) report that one in every five sex education teacher have problems in the curriculum that they are provided. in that respect are also other problems in the delivery of sex education such as opposition from the parents of the children that the education is aimed at, or by the community as a whole, and pretermit of support by the higher authorities. There are various issues that arise as a result of poorly planned or inadequate curriculums. Some of the aspects of the programs being followed by health educators are self-control curricula. In 1981, the American Family Life Act was put into effect. The Act developed Title XX finances which were aimed to devise sexuality programs that were based on the promotion of abstinence in order to holdup the parentage of the sexual activity of the youth. A number of abstinence-until-marriage... This report approves that the writing committee should be made up of professionals who do not only have know-how of sex education but also come from the celestial sphere or institution that is the target of the program. The size of the committee must be given due attention, since as well as small committees might not be a fair representation of the targeted population. In order to pull the implementation of the program more effective, the peer leaders or teachers who are meant to deliver the course should be motivated and must show faith and interest in the plan. The sex educators should provide them with effective tuition to equip them with the necessary knowledge and teaching skills. This essay makes a conclusion that it can be verbalise that curricula of the health education program is very important in the effective implementation of the program and for the feat of productive outcomes. Failing to do so, as in the case of abstinence-only and abstinence plus programs not only negates the purpose of the program but also affects the stakeholders, i.e. the target population such programs fail to bring intima tely voluntary behavior changes in the population such as to promote healthy sex behavior. There is a need to develop comprehensive sex education programs since research has shown that they are more effective than abstinence-only education. The designing of the curricula can be done by first performing a needs estimation and then designating two committees, the writing and the advisory, to draft the curricula. To make the program wholly effective, evaluation must be carried out. All the health education activities are for nothing if the target population does not receive whatsoever benefit from it in some substantial, measurable way.

Roles Women played in the American Revolution Essay

Roles Women vie in the American Revolution - Essay ExampleWomen took up various roles and responsibilities during the revolution to support the cause. The most important is that on the battle field. Many women as soldiers fought the war alongside and as fiercely as men. Women fought the war believing that the only reason that must be considered in serving the country was unadulterated patriotism and not anything else. Nancy Hart, Mary Hays, Margaret Corbin, Deborah Sampson are a few examples.Margaret Corbin fought bravely alongside her husband illusion Corbin. She was a camp follower and had learnt how to load and fire canons. She was on the frontline along with her husband. When her husband got injured she expect his duties and got injured too. After the war she served at Corps of Invalids at West Point (Nash & Graves, 2000)..Deborah Sampson is another unbelievable example of a woman fighting the odds to serve the country. She assumed the identity of a man, videlicet Timothy Th ayer, to enlist herself in the army. before long her identity was discovered. She again later enlisted as Robert Shirtliffe. As Robert Shirtliffe she fought courageously in various battles. Her identity was again discovered when she got injured and was treated by a physician. Soon after, she was discharged honourably from the army (Shmoop, 2010).Mary Hays was a camp follower serving as a water carrier. She, like Margaret Corbin, assumed the duties of her husband when he got injured. Nancy Hart was known for her sharp dig skills. She shot at British soldiers with deadly accuracy in the Georgia frontier. She was known by the conjure War Woman (Nash & Graves, 2000).Apart from actively taking part in the battle as soldiers, women similarly contributed as camp followers. Many women, mostly wives of soldiers, were allowed to travel with the army. They took part in many activities and served as companions to male person soldiers, cooks, nurses, etc. They washed the clothes of the soldi ers and cooked food for them. They also took care of

Foreign language learners and spatial preposition Essay

Foreign language learners and spatial preposition - Essay ExampleThey contribute also involve possession, like the word of in this phrase The books of the school. When prepositions take on a comparative meaning it is common to encounter errors of omission, and errors of commissionErrors of omission occur when foreign language learners, or maturation children, fail to riding habit a preposition where wizard is called for (for example Open keys Open it with keys). Errors like this ar due to a omit between the ability to conceive of a certain relation (location, instrument, or direction), and the ability to express it. masses learning English as a foreign language often have big problems finding the right English prepositions. These problems can be attributed to the fact that there are different uses of prepositions in heterogeneous languages around the world. For example I talked to him. vs Ich redete mit ihm.// He believes in love. vs Er glaubt an die Liebe. (Brala, M.)Most t imes, lexical items, which fall within prepositional categories are referred to as locatives. This comes from a reflecting on the athletic field of prepositions from two different perspectives a) the grammatical, and b) the local (semantically driven). From the grammatical perspective, prepositions have, for a long time, been set as merely an annoying little surface peculiarity (Jackendoff, 1973 p. 345). This can be attributed to poor interest for the gauge of the lexicographic portrayals of prepositional semantics, which has been dangerously under-examined. (Lindstromberg, 2001) Also, in many languages, the information provided by a preposition is often coded in a noun inflection (an example of this is the ablative in Latin). It is a well known fact that when it comes to get the hang a foreign language one of the most trouble several(prenominal) areas to learn is the (idiomatic) usage of prepositions. Learning how to use prepositions correctly in a foreign language is a colossa l task, one that is usually not accomplished way into the learning process, and one that many learners never manage to master thoroughly. (Brala, M. p.1) Examining language differencesThe get language of a foreign learner of English is called first language (L1), while the language to be learnt is called the target language or second language (L2). A shallow learning means kindred between letters and sounds. An English language learner will first be able to return orthographic parts of to a greater extent then one letter and then and face the problems in more complex words, because knowledge of just simple words is not sufficient for usage of the English language. In English the learner usually faces the problem with some irregular word that escapes phonemic assembly. In some readings a word might more then one spelling. In a comparative study that was carried out in 2003, to ascertain word differences in different languages, students from different countries were brought togethe r in one class, and analysis showed that the English students exhibited a low lower grade of correct words as compared to

Exploring Business, v. 2.0 book Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploring Business, v. 2.0 book - Article deterrent exampleTrade is overly measured through the concepts of tack surplus and trade deficit (134).There be tremendous opportunities for a subscriber line entity to enter the global markets, such as licensing agreements, contract manufacturing and outsourcing, alliances and joint ventures, FDIs and subsidiaries (140). This provides the business to grow extensively and create a market share on the international market. However, companies must be cautious and carefully consider the global business environment which would be vital for the success of the globalization plan. Companies should be sensitive on factors such as cultural environment, language, sociability, and intercultural communication (152).Trade controls will also play a critical role in engaging in globalization. Tariffs and quotas are present in every country which protects its vital and developing local industries (167). The reduction of trade barriers, such free trade a greements, also helps strengthen the regional trading market by bolstering the import and export between the appendage countries (171).International business is truly a lucrative field to develop a career, and preparing for such would convey early strategic planning (179). Choosing an undergraduate degree specializing of a core business concept would be a strong foundation to prosper in an international business career. Studying international politics, economics, and culture, book binding the concepts discussed above, will provide indispensible tools in doing international trades and business. Lastly, is developing the know-how of communicating in foreign languages (179). Being equal to communicate with clients in their mother-tongue would definitely increase the changes of successful business

Texas Roadhouse Wont Scrimp on Making Employees Happy Essay Example for Free

Texas Roadhouse Wont scant on Making Employees Happy Essay1. If we take c ar of our employees, they will take c be of our customers is a common phrase. In your experience, is it actually practiced or is it just a clich on the wall? dispute the implications of your answer. If we take c be of our employees, they will take care of our customers, this quote more or lessly depends on the individual caller and how they perceive their employees. Some companies realize that in order for them to succeed, they must invest in their employees, as employees are the key to a triumphful and highly profitable business. And in order for employees to remain cause and slip a track to flourish, they need deferred payment, which is a basic human need, regardless of status or job type. Once employees select been acknowledged for their good performance, they feel more appreciated, and as a result will demonstrate greater levels of commitment and dedication. Thereby, producing top results for the lodge and treating its customers with royalty. During recessions some companies such as Texas Roadhouse, continue to demonstrate employee appreciation finished employee gatherings, coin refund bonuses and annual company conferences, in which spouses are invited (Noe et al., 2011).Companies such as Texas Roadhouse and other companies are leaders who want to succeed in instantlys competitive world, and they realize that even during leaden economic times, theres still the strong need to maintain programs which are aimed at recognizing employees for cypher place accomplishments. And when employees are truly happy and motivated, they will care for the customers and give their best. Even through our pang economy, numerous other companies as well as continue to celebrate employees performance through versatile recognition programs such as, cash bonuses, flexible work hour schedules, award celebrations, gift cards, employee appreciation day, company cook-outs, discounted fam ily social status incentives, floating days and some(prenominal) others. Finally, most good leaders appreciate what employees do for the company, and will refine to attain ways to show love and appreciation.2. Texas Roadhouse uses money as a motivator for employees. In todays economy, describe alternative methods that could be used to motivate their employees. Texas Roadhouse has traditionally been known for their generous cash bonuses in recognition of employee appreciation, such generosity included, cash bonuses ranging from $500.00 in fun money to $20,000 for best union cutter (Noe et al., 2011). However, in todays unstable economy, the smart business leader will find other ways to show love and appreciation for their employees. Texas Roadhouse managers realize that employees are its biggest contributing factor for success or failure, and will find other ways to motivate employees, even during such economic uncertainty. For many companies, non-cash recognition is still a ve ry tendinous motivator, and will still foster ways to pull out and retain good employees. And even though money is always a great motivator, effective employee remuneration goes beyond money, in terms of individual needs being met such needs as mental needs, which define human relationships and the importance of employees connecting with customers, coworkers and managers. Employees also need to feel that they are a part of a group that has achieved success (Armstrong., 2010).Texas Roadhouse could customize a flexible-hours plan that would cater to restaurant staff. And even though most employees wouldnt necessarily have the luxury of working from home, they would still have Flexible work hours and would be given the freedom to switch time schedules with coworkers, possibly allowing them more balance between work and home-life, succession demonstrating an established place between manager and employee. With flexible work schedules, employees can leave earlier or come in later, rotate shifts, or readjust their work schedule to make it more causative to their life-style (OToole et al., 2011). Another great non-cash employee incentive for Texas Roadhouse could be that of sundry(a) trainings and self-developmental opportunities. Trainings are very informational and can benefit employees in many ways, as they promote excellent ways for companies to learn of their top talent, trainings will also also satisfy employees will skill deficiencies.Trainings show the employees that their employer supports career development and advancement. The various trainings will eluci see to it on existing skills by including missing tools such as, education, updated technological skills and will help promote the companys vision for valued progress. Trainings such as employee leadership offer employees development and confidence in independent problem-solving. Texas Roadhouse could also utilize multiple customer service trainings, since they provide direct service to outsid e(prenominal) customers. And in order for them to continue on a successful path, they must continue to find ways to teach and reteach their employees the values of world class standards and its quality to customer satisfaction. As employees are exposed to various training programs, their knowledge potential becomes greater, creating more valuable human capital to the company.3. Discuss the possible effectivity of each of your alternative methods. Regardless of the economys condition, a good leader is able to animate and motivate its employees, as they understand that happy employees will result in the success of the business. Effective employees are a result of effective managers, and good managers reward employees for good performance through communication and various reward methods. Alternatively, non-cash rewards, such as trainings and flexible hour plans can promote happier, healthier and more motivated employees, which will lead to more productivity.A flexible hours plan can prove very effective, as this method allows employees the freedom to switch shifts, to rotate hours around the clock, or change the time of day in which the tasks will be completed. As employees are allowed this flexibility, there sense of responsibility and confidence increase, as trust and an honor system is established between the employee and the manager. Through the flexible hours plan, employees are less stressed, as they are finding more balance and time to fulfill family obligations as well, all resulting in increased employee productivity. Employee trainings whitethorn also prove to be a very effective means of motivating employees.Trainings provide many benefits, as they help to reach employees skills and talents, they also can foster a greater team environment, thereby giving employees a wider range of support and comfort. Trainings and other developmental strategies can be a powerful tool, which can aid a struggling worker. Through various training sessions, employees g ain problem-solving abilities, learn up-to date technology skills, and become less dependent on the manager. And finally, trainings can help managers descry top talent within the company. 4. Analyze how transferrable is the Texas Roadhouse way of motivating employees in other organizations.Texas Roadhouse way of motivating their employees through large cash bonuses and other annual motivational conferences are incentives, which are ground on the individual managerial leadership style, and cannot be transferred to other organizations, as every leader exhibits a distinct leadership style. It is agreed that such large cash bonuses will create keen opposition between employees, but each leader have their own intangibles or uniqueness, which is spelled out through their leadership strategies.And during an economic hardship, the leader may decide on future investments that would offer the employee various training sessions to build upon their existing skills and knowledge, thereby, off ering the employee promotional opportunities which would increase the employees financial gain, as well as making an enkindle to the companies potential success. Leaders must also consider that different people are motivated by different things. While some employees may have financial goals, others may have professional or personal goals, and cash compensation cant possibly fulfill all human needs. Finally, ground on the needs of a company, a good leader will know what to do and how to go about planning in order to achieve a successful outcome.ReferencesArmstrong, M. (2010). Armstrongs handbook of reward management practice. (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA Kogan Page Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., Wright, P.M. (2011). Fundamentals of human resource management (4th ed.). New York, NY MCGRAW-HILL. OToole, J., Lawler, E. (2007). The impudent American workplace. New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan.

Compare London and Westminster Bridge Essay Example for Free

Comp be capital of the United Kingdom and Westminster Bridge EssayThese two metrical compositions, though written within 10 years of each opposite, convey very opposite persuasions on London. They were both written during a magazine of revolution and change. Both these rimes were written at the turn of the nineteenth century, in Georgian measures, to illustrate the authors views on the City of London. At the time, the industrial revolution was underway and in that respect was a bulky growth in the population, due to medical advances and a more promiscuous civilisation with prostitution in the formation of new cities. There was a revolution started in France and because it was a consider country within Europe at the time, with its pioneers in architecture, gardening and thought, the French had major influence in England. Being its neighbouring country it caused ripples of change and rebellion in European thought. This affected homoy concourse in England the poet Blake was one of them. His revolutionist desires were conveyed in this rime, London. This was contrary to Wordsworths poem, Upon Westminster Bridge, which picked out the imagery of London and its glory, without relating that the frivolous consummations of the monarchy and the church, throwd a vast gap between the rich and the poor, which Blake picked up on.Wordsworth was most probably ignorant of the fact that the mass of the side population in London was poor, because he was a tourist in the urban center. Or he could select realised the fact provided looked past it deciding that it would make a better poem to fat on Londons spl closed testifyour. The poem also, seems vastly over the top and many people may just getting level the poem at its face value and dislike it, but Wordsworths poem get sacred scriptures London as shine in the smokeless air and having a calming aura.These statements, I count might be sarcastic. At the time it was written, the Industrial revolution was happening and the chimneys of most factories would be blurting smoke for most hours of the day, and pull down if they had stop over night the remnants of months of coal burning would not dissipate within 8 hours. Also to describe London as calming is a little far fetched. London is the heart of the United Kingdom, a port and an important centre of commerce. It is near impossible for us to imagine it as calm even in The beauty of the morning Wordsworths most famous works are dedicated to the beauty of the awful lake district, so it is not hard to imagine he could draw been shocked and repulsed by London.Upon Westminster Bridge sets run into on the word Earth this could mean that London was the centre of the commercial world, and that at the same time was the best place on Earth to be. This could be another example of derision due to London world half-built during the revolution. Its face meaning though is to start the poem dark as a consonance of nature and architecture. The first crease shows Wordsworths typical naturalistic view upon the city, as he relates with many of his other poems. He was an early romantic poet he admired nature and natural form, his extreme idyllic view on London could be seen as sarcastic or ignorant.The second line is monosyllabic yet that doesnt have any relevant dynamic effect on the style of the poem. Dull is the first word that goes against the happier grain of the poem. It relates a feeling of miserableness and boredom, and could be seen to insult the reader that doesnt agree with his poem, as he would have a dull, instinct, and an unopened, insensitive mind. This could be a reason why many take the poem on face value, because no one would want a dull soul as the poem suggests. The end of the line uses enjambment to connect the second line to the third. This line bring forths imagery the word sight implies our soul would be touched by London.Majesty is a powerful word, exaggerating the boilersuit romantic theme of the poem and an overview of England as a powerful and unique nation with high status in the world. Line 4 uses a simile and personification to make the city seem as one single body, corroding the beauty of the morning, possibly as a disguise to cover the corrupt people it houses.Wordsworth is viewing the city in the morning, when the city would be very quiet and peaceful. Wordsworth was also standing on Westminster Bridge from which he had a higher, isolated view over the scene of London. At dawn, London would be showered with the golden well-to-do of the sun, the river would appear to gleam and the un-crowded streets would be filled with crisp air. The ground would be covered with dew, all idealistically hone compared to the reality that within one hour of his view, the streets would awake and the whole scene would change.Blake had a completely different viewpoint on London, his first line opens with a romantic wander through the chartered streets, this is a contrast, he himself whi lst romantic and free thinking, is in a city governed by rules, entrapments and corruption. He then repeats this idea in the next line with the chartering of the themes, contrary to Wordsworths gliding river, this implies that London is overpowering nature. He then alliterates label 3 times to give an exaggeration of the theme of suffering.Every from the 3rd line is then restate in the second stanza to generalise everyone as saddened, depressed and compress. Blakes poem is different to Wordsworths in its entirety. Blake is describing from a busted viewpoint, in the streets between the dirty houses, at rough 1030 at night, with a serious, constricted and darkened theme. Wordsworths is from a higher viewpoint on the bridge, at about 530 in the morning with not many people about with a happy, elated theme.The techniques, each use to create these effects are also different, Wordsworth uses a typical romantic style sonnet, and both Poems use their organize to emphasise the words in them. William Blakes London is written in four, four line stanzas. Each line of each verse has the same number of syllables this creates a regimented, almost mechanical effect. It uses alternate line rhyme to make the poem sound regular and accentuates the last word of each line. Each verse of the Blake poem attacks a different aspect of London. It is clear that Blake found London a very corrupt and meanspirited place.Whereas in contrast Wordsworths poem is written in the form of an Italian sonnet the octave of which describes the man made elements of the city, the last sextet refers to natural beauty. This poem also uses alternate line rhyming to create the effect of order. It is written in prose using iambic pentameter. This device brings attention to emphasise the meaning of the rhyming words.William Blakes poem conveys his feelings in a more abstract style, when he uses the people and buildings of London to represent the institutions which they are associated with. He uses the image of a church to criticise religious establishments and a palace to signify the state, and governing that control it. He gives the image of the soldiers sigh running in blood down palace walls. hither he is attacking the monarchy and government for condemning young men to death by sending them off to fight in foreign wars. He uses hyperbole to criticise London and the sadness and malice of the people who live there. Blakes London brutally painted is a dark, dirty, disease ridden and deprived place Unlike the Wordsworth poem it leaves you in no doubt as to the authors feelings on the subject.In the last verse of Blakes, it gives us his time scale midnight, and he shows us the corruption of innocence, with youthful harlots. The last stanza accentuates the uncleanness of the area, how London was plagued with diseases and how life in the slums of the city is very short. It may be an example of the typical life of people in London. With children being the product of prostitution an d sexual promiscuity, the children are then raised in a poor, unhygienic even uneducated area then marry and die due to blights and diseases.Marriage is supposed to be a happy occasion, but here it shows to be an institution, which carries people to their deathbeds. This may be due to sexually ancestral diseases, which were ravaging through the population at the time. Blakes entire poem is blunt and to the point, describing what was going on and that he was unhappy about it and the fact that people were ignoring it. Wordsworths poem is far less melodramatic than Blakes, it is a scene in time of London in the morning, with no look at the types of people who live there, or of their pasts and futures.Blakes overall poem display a message of sadness and disgust towards London, its monarchy and the authorities housed there. I think that the style of Wordsworth is very ineffective at relating his like for London as it seems to almost be drink up to Londons builders and rulers and so it does not provoke strong feelings or thoughts. Even if the reader acknowledges there is sarcasm in the style, it still does not show accurately the problems of London or that anything should be done about it.Blakes poem on the other hand is very effective at relating his own feelings towards the city, and of provoking our own so that we are appalled by the conditions and mistreatment people were forced to live with at the time he wrote this. I prefer Blakes poem because the standard atmosphere he builds, through his phrases and his technique, is far more powerful than the atmosphere Wordsworth attempted to make. It is far more descriptive and flows more poetically than Wordsworths and I believe he was overall a better writer.

Great Ideologies Stemming Out From Chaos Essay Example for Free

Great Ideologies Stemming Out From Chaos EssayThomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Paine, three im custodyse political philosophers, solely view the temperament of military bit and confederation as anarchical, which is a state of insubordination or political disorder due to the absence of establishmental authority, making it war of all against all. The utopian society of individuals enjoys complete freedom without judicature, wherein there is a display of a lack of ethical motive for most of the time. In the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes presented the political state as a Leviathana sea monster. As a metaphor for the state, it is described as a replica of a somebody whose body is do up of all the bodies of its citizens, who are the literal members of the Leviathans body, and placing the sovereign as the head. In order for them to escape this subjective condition, the people in the state constructed the Leviathan through social contract wherein they give up cert ain natural rights and transfer them to an early(a) person of authority.In turn, the power of the Leviathan protects them from the abuses of angiotensin converting enzyme another. The source of inequality comes from the scarcity of resources. If ane looks around at other animalsHobbes specifically notes ants and beesthey appear to run short harmoniously with one another without all sort of state or society. If they can do so, then wherefore cant men who are, afterwards all, animals themselves? Hobbes discussed several reasons as to why men cannot live this look the main one being that men are rational creatures.If we lived in some pre-societal concord with others, reason would always devise ways for us to cheat and make ourselves better off than others in order for us to survive. Furthermore, as we humans let speech, we are able to mis top one another somewhat our wants and desires. Hobbes also claims that animals naturally agree with one another while humans do not, and t he reason for this essentially is because man is competitive in temper and therefore views everyone around him as a threat.Therefore, the government is created to provide order and regulation. For Hobbes, the best form of government is monarchy for four reasons first, since humans will always choose the private over the universal good, the best way to ensure peace when choosing a sovereign is to have these united. And by the outweighing of private good over public ones, infighting and corruption within government is encouraged. Second, having a secret counsel is allowed in a monarchy as opposed to in a democracy or aristocracy.Third, a monarchy is more consistent since the monarch is one person and humans are not perfectly consistent, the commonwealth changes only as human nature dictates. In a democracy and aristocracy, because more natural bodies compose the sovereign, the commonwealth is more subject to human diversity as well as the inconsistency that comes from a change in the makeup of the sovereign, which happens with each preference cycle or new member of the aristocracy. Lastly, infighting or warring factions caused by envy, self-interest, or any other human imperfections cannot be seen in a monarchy.On the other hand, Jean-Jacques Rousseau views the government as an abomination because it interferes with the nature of man. His aim is to examine the foundations of inequality among men, and to determine whether this inequality is authorized by natural law. He attempts to portray that modern moral inequality, which is created by an agreement between men, is unnatural and unrelated to the unbent nature of man and that it is necessary to consider human nature and to chart how that nature has evolved over the centuries to produce modern man and modern society.Like Hobbes, he describes man as just another animal, and this proves to be very important. The note of hand between human and animal was used both to justify mans possession and use of the Ea rths resources, and to explain why humans apparently have certain unique capabilities, such as reason and language. He win expounds that man is like yet unlike other animals, due to the unique way he develops. And as time goes by, human faculties were being fully developed. To be and to appear became two different things. Man became quash by a multitude of new needs, especially by his need for other men. Man became a slave to men as one takes pleasure in domination and tries to be their master.However, this is only true for the rich. When the powerful claims a right to another persons goods, such as the right of property, the inequality can lead to a state of war. Therefore, the rich tried to persuade the weak, who were indeed easily convinced, to unite with them into a haughty power to institute rules of justice and peace. Men ran towards their chains in the belief that they were securing their freedom, while those who did know about the deceit thought that they could trade part of their freedom for security.Although his idea sounds wrong, it essentially represents a point at which the self-preservation and pity of savage man are perfectly balanced with the acute regard for oneself in tattle to others of modern man. Some aspects of reason and communal life are good, but they are still potentially destructive. In criticizing politeness and concern for others as negative features of society, Rousseau goes against the good manners and civility that are principally seen as restraining the savage features of man, as he feels that there is nothing to restrain in natural man, and civility only makes men compare themselves to one another.As for Thomas Paines The Rights of Man, he justifies the principles of modern republican governments. He attacks the notion of monarchy and privilege and argues that each generation has the right to establish its own system of government. No nation can legally be ruled by a hereditary monarchy because government is for the viva cious and not the dead. No generation has the right to establish a government binding on time to come generations. He argues that humankind can reach its full potential under republican governments which would allow individuals to live free of privilege and caste. To sum it all up, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Paine put forward an idea of how the government sprung from inequality and lack of a central world authority.For Hobbes, an absolute monarchial government ruled by one person only, is necessary to fulfill the societys need for order and the regulation of its people so that society can avoid from spiraling into anarchy. As for Rousseau, a government having biases towards the rich while deceiving the ridiculous was created so that the insecurities of the people would force them in order to perpetuate inequality which make them dependent on the government, giving it more power. Lastly, for Paine, a representative and democratic government is formed to protect the peoples rights to be protected and to safeguard them from the threat of chaos, allowing the people to create an environment where they can mature and secure their potential.Despite the differences in some parts of their ideologies such as the sources of inequality and the roles of the government, a single determination is presentedthat is, for the creation of a concept of government in order to prevent the society from turning buttocks to its nature of anarchism. While Hobbes one-man rule could lead to abuse of power, his intention is for this monarchial type of government to administrate order and self-preservation in the society. As for Rousseau, the maintenance of an inequality between social classes assures the stabilization of finite resources and society itself. Lastly, for Paine, his ideal world of a representative-democratic government lies on the belief that environmental influences create the individual and that a benevolent form of government can bring about huma n happiness. Putting them together, their main target can be viewed as the organization and harmonization of society so as to push it towards progression.References(n.d.). Rights of Man. Retrieved celestial latitude 20, 2012, from http//www.enotes.com/rights-man salem/rights-manSparkNotes Editors. (n.d.). SparkNote on Discourse on Inequality. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http//www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/inequality/

Establishing a Teen Court Program Essay Example for Free

Establishing a Teen Court Program EssayInspired on discussions with the p arnts-teachers associations, the Teen Court Program has been established to allow the young to deal with issues that bother them. With this program, the school initiates an government activity of a court w here teenagers are the judges, prosecutors, and defendants handling cases of fellow teenagers. This court shall handle minor offenses, usually those which are done inside the school premises. Thus, the teen court result affect the school as a whole.The students who are taking part and those for which the teen court will be imposed upon as surface as the officials and parents of the students will be involved in the program. The Teen Court Program will be established with the student council. The participants will be required to attend a one-day seminar with the Juvenile variableness tidings and Probation Center to familiarize themselves with court procedures. After the seminar, a selection will be d one as to who shall be jurors, court clerks and bailiffs.Others will be given assignments as attorneys from which cases can be ascribed and consulted with. They will be manning case proceedings in such a way that adults do them. The only disparity here is the age. The Teen Court Program will take of next year, beginning with the seminar slated at the Juvenile Division Parole and Probation Center on January 15, 2008. It will be followed by a series of qualifying tests and interviews to catchment basin responsibilities among the members of the group.Primarily, the members of the teen court will come from the student council. However, non-members of the student council can likewise serve as volunteers. Should they aspire for positions, they will be asked to attend a pre-set seminar and go through he same tests and interviews. If they are volunteering as support assistants, all they need to do is be a bona fide student of the institution to be able to apply and qualify. Adults such as parents may also volunteer for administrative functions such as billing, management, and planning.The Teen Court Program is expected to improve the juvenile justice system in the school. It will also upgrade the treatment on minor offenders in the community. With it, minors are arrested and tried on the court in front of a teenage representation. Ultimately, it allows minors to be the leaders and defendants of justice in their sustain right. The school decided to create the Teen Court Program to allow teenagers to deal with their own issues.Believing that adults may lack or have no understanding of the issues surrounding teenagers given the difference in age and activities, the school has interpreted this step. It also creates leaders, and allows teenagers to take part in such all-important(prenominal) activities. The juvenile court program will proceed on offenses that are considered minor to be taken to the non-juvenile courts. These offenses include minor fights where there ar e no casualties, stealing, all forms of cheating, and other misbehaviors.The program is beneficial at that it allows offenders to be tried according to a due process instead of being confined with the judgments of the local school board (made up of adults) the peers of offenders will be able to testify and give their sides, and learn lessons as well. School officials will also be less burdened by these minor offenses, and in world-wide the community benefits because the minors being tried in these juvenile courts are handled accordingly and receives no mental picture to real criminals. It has also been found that juvenile courts are cheaper to operate.

Oppressive to women and sexist Essay Example for Free

Oppressive to women and sexist EssayIn studying the two tables, the one I did myself and the one my friend did, it became apparent that while there were nearly differences, many of the descriptors were similarly placed within the table. There were virtually differences, notably that we both thought the American belief of Muslims is that their religious is oppressive to women and sexist, besides my friend also thought that Christians and Muslims had a male-dominated political environment. The other interesting similarity was that we both believed Americans muckle Muslim-Americans as fanatics and violent, a stereotype that is perpetuated on television and in the media. We both listed some descriptors in the both category, notably the fact that we perceived both groups as devout, both as sexist in some respects, and both as family-oriented in nature. From the Christian table, I think that women who go to work and secular contented in education are true descriptors about this g roup in general, while the brain of them having proud dress and distri scarcelyively(prenominal) being law abiding are obviously false. For the Muslim-Americans, I believe the idea of them having modest dress and being governed by the Quran is true, but I do not think all of these people are violent and undereducated.Both my friend and myself seemed to have similar views on how America views each group but many of them were not true and not necessarily how I truly believe, but how American society wants us to believe. I believe that in our society the media plays a large section in how we view each group. Watching a religious channel and seeing the way some right-wing conservative Christians act sheds a light on how most Americans think Christians act, while on the other hand the media portrays Muslim and Arab peoples as fanatically religious and as being terrorists. These images have stuck in the minds of Americans, particularly since 9/11.

Critical Thinking Scenario Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking Scenario showCritical thinking is a learned thinking process. Like riding a bicycle, it takes time and labor to learn but once adept gets it down, critical thinking can become as natural as breathing. When wizard applies critical thinking to ethics, the practice of these three questions will help in nigh any scenario. What are the honourable responsibilities that are tied to the recurrence? Are in that location encroachs in ones own good ideas or obligations with this issue? What is the lift out outcome that one can contact to reach ones goal while abide bying with ones own moralistic code? In the Internet video, To act or Not to Drill, Nightline (2004) states that there may be an good and environmental issue with drilling in the Midwest but lets the viewer answer the wanton ended question, should we drill or not drill. With the help of Nightlines video, we shall put these questions to a test.Moral debt instrument and Moral FailingsThe first question is what are the moral responsibilities of the participants in this issue? The land to be drill is government land and the assurance of Land Management is responsible for balancing the uses of public lands (Nightline, 2004). The drillers are morally responsible for the land they lease and the people working in their company. The people living in the field of operation realise a responsibility to up admit the environment, their community and homes. The moral failings happen when one does not hold up to their responsibility. In this case, the drillers are not taking care of the land like they should and due to pressure, the Bureau of Land Management is not balancing the use of public land. The people living in the field are trying to uphold their responsibility.Conflicts in Ideas and ObligationsMost moral failings are because of a participation of ideas or obligations, whichleads to question two Are there conflicts in ones own moral ideas or obligations with this issue? With the case of the drillers, one assumes that the conflict is in obligations. Nightline did not interview the drillers nor their companies. It is from Nightlines report that one gets the feeling that they are more concerned with profits then the land or people, when it is reported that there are $20 million in profits from each well but no updated equipment, nor updated disposals for waste. (Nightline, 2004)The moral obligation not to harm should not have to written down in law, but without it, the moral obligation to shareholders has greater sway. Where are the laws and regulations for the land? The Bureau of Land Management is having ethical conflicts of their own. The Bush ecesis has directed federal land managers to expedite oil and gas development (Nightline, 2004). This direction causes moral conflict as morally obligated they still have to balance the uses of land but obligations to the family or themselves to keep their job, they have to quickly develop the land. The peop le living in the area are in conflict between the fairness of the amount leases and the cost to their community and the environment.Best OutcomeIn question fleck three, we come to the heart of the issue. What is the outgo outcome that one can achieve to reach ones goal while property with ones own moral code? In this case, the best outcome is the Bureau of Land Management to include more regulations and rules for waste disposal for drilling and let up the drilling down, the drillers that are there need to update their equipment and waste disposal for the environment. Both the drillers and land attention need to remember that while experts have estimated that theres roughly 20 trillion cubiform feet of gas here. That would supply the entire nations natural gas needs for about a year.(Nightline, 2004), they will not be drilling forever. The damage to the environment that they do now will have long term effects on the people and animals in the area.ConclusionIn the nightline vide o, To Drill or Not to Drill, we found an ethical issue with drilling in the Midwest. We used three questions to navigate theethical issue and found the best outcome for the issue. The questions we used were, What are the moral responsibilities that are tied to the issue? Are there conflicts in ones own moral ideas or obligations with this issue? What is the best outcome that one can achieve to reach ones goal while keeping with ones own moral code? By applying these three questions, one can use critical thinking to steer though most ethical situations.ReferencesRuggiero, V. (2012). Thinking Critically About ethical Issues (9th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix Collection database. Nightline (2004, June 19). To Drill or Not to Drill Video file. Retrieved from Pearson website https//media.pearsoncmg.com/pls/us/phoenix/1269738887/To_Drill_or_Not_to_Drill.html

Romance Versus Reality Essay Example for Free

Romance Versus Reality EssayThe best laid schemes of mice and men go aft astray, and leave us naught by grief and pain for promised joy (Robert Burns). This quote mover that the romantic themes in the book vanish and leave behind realistic shock. In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, Lennie, George and Curleys wifes romantic ambition of owning a farm is crushed by the reality of shoemakers last. The dead mouse symbolizes that Lennies dream of taking care of rabbits leave alone neer summate true. The dead puppy also proves he impart never own the rabbits. Curleys wifes death again proves they lead never lay the farm because they wont get the currency she promised. Finally, Lennies death makes George realize the farm house dream would never come true.The mouse Lennie hides in his pocket from George, proves the point that Lennie will never lead care of the rabbits. Lennie tries to convince George, the mouse was dead when he form it, Jus a dead mouse, George. I didn kill it. Honest I found it. I found it dead. (Steinbeck 6). Lennie wants to someday take care of the rabbits on the dream farm, and if George knew he lacked self-control and accidently killed the mouse, Lennies dream would never come true. Although, in reality Lennie has actually killed the mouse and most likely other creatures. Overall showing, he will never gain enough responsibility and self-control to own the rabbits.Later on, Lennie is given a puppy with the purpose of showing George, that he might someday be able to someday take care of the rabbits. George wants to believe Lennie can take care of a puppy because it is bigger than a mouse. entirely Lennie ends up murdering the puppy and only worries that George will non allow him to take care of the rabbits. Maybe if I took the pup out and throwed him away George wouldnt never know Dont you think of zipper save rabbits? (Steinbeck 98). George hopes the puppy will prove that Lennie will be able to take care of the rabbits, but i n reality he is let down again.Lennie destroyed his last opportunity to care for the rabbits by killing Curleys wife. She wanted to make something out of her life, I coulda make somethin of myselfmaybe I will yet. (Steinbeck 96). Curleys wife gave up her life savings to help buy the farm, but never her death they would never get the money. Her death foreshadows that the romance of the farm will die causing the reality that they will never own the farm.Lennies death shows George that the farm could contrive never happened. George realized he wanted the farm only because Lennie loved the idea of it. Deep down George never thought they would ever get the farm. I think I knowed wed never do her. Heliked to hear virtually itI got to thinking maybe we would. (Steinbeck 103). George only told the invention to trick Lennie into following his rules. George listened to his stories of the farm, and obeyed him, because he did if he did not listen, he would not take care of the rabbits. Due to Lennies death, George no longer needs to dream of the farm anymore.Robert Burns explains there is conflict between reality and romanticism among the characters in the novel, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. The character of the dead mouse shows to us that Lennie is not capable of taking care of the rabbits on the dream farm. The dead puppy again shows that Lennie cannot control himself, so he will never have the rabbits. Curleys wifes death shows they will never purchase the farm because they never will get her promised money. Lastly, Lennies death makes George realize they knew they would never actually get the farm, and that he only told the story for Lennies entertainment.

Leading Strategic Program Management Essay Example for Free

Leading Strategic Program Manage handst EssaySome battalion expertness say a good leaders is born that way. It is true that some individuals have a inseparable instinct to lead people, barely they also have tools to help them in their success. In watching the characterisation Twelve Oclock High we visit different types of leadership. Why is Colonel Keith Davenports leadership ineffectual in comparison to e trulyday Frank brutes leadership? With altogether the men of the 918th assail Group trustworthy to Colonel Davenport, what footfalls does Gen blast take to not solitary(prenominal) win their loyalty but make them an effective team? While working on a get word is a quid different than fighting a war, we await how good leadership techniques, trust, good communication, developing leaders, and in pacifying a sense of pride can turn nearly the poorest of teams. If you have an ineffective leader, chances are the team pass on be ineffective.There were many deficie ncies in Colonel Davenports leadership style. Colonel Davenport was more focused on separately individual in his group than he was on the mission at hand. He had the loyalty of his men but failed to lead them. When one of his men failed to accomplish their mission or messed up, Colonel Davenport assumed responsibility and failed to guide up them. When Colonel Davenport received orders to push his men to the maximum potential, he wouldnt, for fear of burning them out. While Colonel Davenport could not see his deficiencies in his leadership, it could be seen by the commanding public of the VIII failer Command, Eighth Air Force. cosmopolitan Pritchard brought brigadier General Frank rag in to see if he could fix not only the leadership problem but the productivity of the men in the 918th Bomb Group.When brigadier general Frank animal arrived at the 918th Bomb Group he went right to work. One of the first tips on his agenda was restoring the soldiery standards that had becom e very laidback. We see this in a couple of scenes. He reprimands the gate guard for not checking his identification card upon entering the base. When he walks into his new office he catches Sergeant Mclllheny typing without his ordered top on. Brigadier General Savage at one time reduces him in rank and tells him why. Word soon travels around the base that they must adhere to the military standards and rules. Once Brigadier General Savage has made it clear that he will restore accountability and standards he calls a clash to set his expectations clear.In this meeting Brigadier General Savage lets everyone know that they have a job to do and they need to lodge feeling sorry for themselves. He tells everyone that from this point on they will be held accountable for their mistakes. Brigadier General Savage indeed(prenominal) informs everyone that since they are performing poorly, they will utilization over and over again until they get it right. This infuriates the vanishs and they immediately put in for a transfer. Once Brigadier General Savage has made his expectations clear, he begins gathering support from others.Major Stovall is the group Adjutant who works directly for Brigadier General Savage. Brigadier General Savage begins asking Major Stovalls opinions on individuals in the unit. He takes the advice given to him by Major Stovall. Major Stovall begins to see that Brigadier General Savage is a great leader and he has a plan to get the 918th Bomb Group back on track. Major Stovall becomes a loyal hard working member of the 918th Bomb Group. He can see that Brigadier General Savage is committed to his job. A trust is built between the two men. Trust is at the core of all meaningful relationships. Without trust in that respect can be no giving, no bonding, no risk-taking (Berkun, 2008, p. 242). He then begins to talk to the other men and gather support and trust for Brigadier General Savage. The next item on Brigadier General Savages agenda is to d evelop leaders in the 918th Bomb Group.When Brigadier General Savage is reviewing everyones personnel records henotices that the second in charge is underperforming. Lt Colonel Ben Gately is immediately fired from his position and place in charge of a plane full of underachievers. He informs Lt Colonel Gately that he will receive every lazy nonperforming person who comes into the 918th Bomb Group. If Lt Colonel Gately wants to survive he needs to step up to the plate and become a good leader. The plane that Lt Colonel Gately is in charge of is called the Leper Colony. By doing this, Brigadier General Savage is giving Lt Colonel Gately a way to prove his leadership. This method of leadership works very well on Lt Colonel Gately, be pee he begins to perform exceptionally well. Lt Colonel Gately even flies with an injured spine.Brigadier General Savage can see the 918th Bomb Group is turning around into an effective unit. He then sets out to develop a sense of pride in the group. Savag e praises them for their performance and what they have achieved as a group. He begins promoting excellence in everything they do. On days where there is no mission they practice to get it perfect. Individuals who show outstanding performance in the Leper Colony get promoted out and those who make mistakes give notice to the Leper Colony. Results from all their hard team work began to pay off. When the 918th Bomb Group goes on a risky mission they return with everyone. The whole unit is put in for a commendation. While Savage has glum the unit around he still has trouble communication to his people.Communication is a major share of being an effective leader. While Savage has begun communicating very well with Major Stovall, he still had trouble communicating with his pilots and ground crew. Only when he finally sits down and communicates with a young pilot named Bishop, do the other pilots removed their request to be transferred to another unit. Savage was trying to keep his o utperform from his pilots. He felt that not becoming emotionally involved with his pilots would help create a barrier. Savage cared about every single person in his unit, but he kept his emotions inside which was the cause of his breakdown.Looking at a project manager or leader of a company, it is easy to see why you would want someone like Brigadier General Savage in charge. He arrivedat the 918th Bomb Group with a clear and direct sense of responsibility. He knew what he had to do and he knew it was not going to be a popularity contest. While Brigadier General Savage had trouble communicating to everyone, he understood his people, their motivations, and the emotions they were feeling. It is important when you are in charge of a project to know the people you will be working with. There needs to be trust between you and your employees. As the project manager when you say you will do something, you must ensure you follow through.Brigadier General Savage demanded that the members of the 918th Bomb Group give him loyalty, respect, integrity, and selfless service. He in turn not only gave the resembling right back, he gave them leadership, direction, and a sense of self-worth. By the time Brigadier General Savage odd the 918th Bomb Group, they were able to continue their mission under any good leader who took over. As a leader, you have to take responsibility for the decisions you make. You must inspire your people and establish teamwork. Sometimes being a leader is not an easy job, but with the right set of tools you can be an effective leader. Where there is no guidance the people fall, but in the abundance of counselors there is a victory (Proverbs 11 14).ReferenceBerkun, S. (2008). Making Things Happen. Sebastopol, CA OReilly Media, Inc. New International Version. (1970). Thomas Nelson Inc.

Newspaper and Credibility Essay Example for Free

Newspaper and Credibility probeIn logic and rhetoric, a fallacy is usually an improper argumentation in reasoning ofttimes resulting in a misconception or presumption. Literally, a fallacy is an error in reasoning that renders an argument logically invalidIt is important to use relevant, accurate, and reliable sources in a research paper. What do you need to depend when searching for useful sources? How do you know when sources argon reliable? What are some warning signs that augur you should avoid a particular source? If biases or fallacies are part of the source material that you penury to use, how do you manage this issue?Sites which have org, . gov, .edu, as opposed to .com, are all sites that are usually presumptive sources.I frequent both the University of Phoenix website and Facebook. UOPs website is certainly credible vs. Facebook, non a credible site, which I mostly use to keep in touch with my family in California and Hawaii.Credibility with online sources is bei ng a reviewed and published source, and example of a non-credible source is wikipedia because anyone can go in and change the sources of culture. In format to verify the credibleness of online sources, you can ask yourself the following questions. Does the author of this article have enough corroboration or knowledge about this topic? Does the author subject his/her works to peer reviews? Is the information on this article updated or the latest? Does the site include information on how often the site is updated? Is a copyright date listed?Credibility doesnt matter in fiction. My space ship can fly at 1,000 times the speed of light and nobody railroad cares. Credibility unceasingly matters in non-fiction. point when looking for complement for an opinion, it is important to consider the source. Credibility is most important if you want mountain to know that you are tried and true and reliable and your word is good. If you say you are going to do something,they know it will b e make and it is less important if you do non care what people think of you. For exampleYour car is not stretch forthning and buddy one says he will be over in the morning at 9 am to fix it for you and then never shows up. Buddy 2 says he will be over at 9 am and shows up at 830 am with tools in hand. Now which one of these two do you want to associate with?Advertising has a clear money-making agenda. further bias is prevalent in everyday situations, too. One way to better understand the difference among fact and opinion is to read the news in your local newspaper and then again in the tabloids. Watch what words are used in each one. See how many facts you can smirch in each apologue. How do they differ? Demographic factors affect views toward advertising (Shavitt et al., 1998) as do reader and corporate credibility (Lafferty Goldsmith, 1999) and an individuals attitude to a particular media product within a particular medium (Bryant Thompson, 2002, p. 289). Attitudes towa rd advertising differ depending on gender, age, development, income, and ethnicity.The attitudes of males, consumers between the age of 18 and 34, consumers with less education and income, and non-Whites are generally more favorable toward advertising (Shavitt et al., 1998).The credibility of an advertiser also plays a manipulation in how people view advertising. Any bias that a source holds may not always be directly stated sometimes it is implied by all presenting one side or rack of a topic. Some people believe that the media controls the world I feel this claim has merit. Many people do not question information reported on the news, because what would the media gain by exaggerating a story or only presenting one side? One must keep in mind that the media is run by ratings sensational stories make for great ratings. This is where thinking critically can be your best ally. Even a seemingly impartial source could have a hidden agenda.The vital factors that influence credibility of newspapers are the decline in newspaper gross revenue, advertising, ownership of the newspaper agencies, and inaccuracy. The severe competition for magazine sales also causes magazines to exaggerate or misconstrue their stories. Other factors that can affect the credibility of magazines are the journalists. in that respect are various genres of television programming. Television programming can vary form news to homework shows. TV programs also exaggerate and over sensationalize their stories to grab the attention of viewers. Between television programming are advertising. In a sense, TV programs are basically a means to get people to find commercials (Cyber College Internet Campus, 2007, paragraph 8).These factors of advertising and the competition for viewers affect the credibility of television programming. Factors that influence net credibility are trustworthiness and expertise. Does the source have good intention? Is the source honest and artless? Is the author an exper ienced professional on the sources topic? Another factor, that influences the credibility of the internet, is that anyone can post her or his own website. They can claim that the website is trustworthy. Thus, it is vital that one evaluates the sources taken from the internet. Advertisers use various methods to persuade the general to purchase their products or services.Advertisers know how to make their products and services appealing without sufficient information. Advertising is designed to let a need to buy certain brand-name products, which may be more expensive than lesser-known brands, while not being significantly better (Cyber College Internet Campus, 2007, paragraph 8). The fact that advertising will fallaciously depict or appeal to one emotions to sell a product is the most essential factor that affect credibility.I personally feel printed resources to be more credible. People increasingly rely on Internet and web-based information despite evidence that it is potentially inaccurate and biased. Newspapers, books, magazines, and television all undergo certain levels of factual verification, compend of content, and editorial review, whereas Internet information is subject to no much(prenominal) scrutiny.Internet sites that parallel their print counterparts, such as major newspapers and periodicals, invoke the same editorial processes as their print forms, but they constitute only a small portion of the information available over the Internet. More people are turn of events to the internet because it is more of a convenience factor in my opinion. I stumbled across a lease conducted on the credibility of printed resouces vs.online. I found it to be very interesting. Here is the link for those that are interested. http//com.miami.edu/car/miamibeach1.htm

Money should be the primary consideration in the selection of one’s career Essay Example for Free

capital should be the primary rumination in the selection of ones life EssayYoung people generally start thinking about their future c atomic number 18er when they are still at school, by do the right choice of subjects to study. What the financial package of their dream go is may not be important at that stage, but it certainly becomes a relevant consideration later on. However, how important this consideration is varies from one person to another. On the one hand, financial gain is unquestionably a factor one should consider when choosing a career. There is no denying that the salary is one of the peak priorities when people start looking for a business enterprise. Most people start to take on the responsibility for the cost of living when they leave school, and it is of great importance to find a job with a higher(prenominal) salary, even though working hours might be longer than in other occupations. Moreover, these positions may befuddle numerous potentials, such as a chance for promotion, training opportunity, a good work environment, and reputation. Having funds also helps one gain his independence, for instance, maintaining a family, buying a house, paying rent, travelling around the world.Money is also necessary to buy basic utilities such as food and water, and it also aids to hard your home from theft. On the other hand, many people do not, and should not, focus on this factor as the main one. Salaries should not be the most important factor in choosing a career. People may neglect many other things that are worth to pursue in ones life if they consider cash to be the most important factor in choosing a career. In fact, many people hire to fulfil their life goals and give up the job opportunity with the highest salary.For one thing, being engaged with the job you love can let you work in a pleasurable atmosphere in vow to enhance your work efficiency. People can gain more satisfaction once they achieve their goals. non only that, but focusing primarily on money when selecting a career ignores the concept that making money is not the reason most of us get jobs, but rather a bureau of obtaining material goods and services and of achieving important goals, such as providing security for oneself and ones family, lifelong learning, immunity to travel or to pursue hobbies.Acknowledging the distinction, one may select a career on the alkali of money, since more money can buy more goods and services as well as the security, freedom, and sentence to enjoy them. It does not mean that everybody should regard it as the most important factor in life. subsequently all, money is just a way satisfy our basic life needs. All in all, I think the best career choice is the combination of personal interests and financial benefits. If people choose a career that they do not like, they may be impatient when they are at work. Only in doing what they like or have interests in, can people improve their working productivity and performance.

Organotin (IV) Compounds: Chemistry, Properties and Uses

Organo sack (IV) Compounds Chemistry, Properties and UsesIntroduction1.1 Tin ElementIt is undeniably that many research and studies had been done in the field of organo stool alchemy for the past half century. Sn which is symbol b atomic number 18d by bottom which is called as stannum in La ass. It is placed on mathematical group 14 and period 5 in the periodic table with atomic number of 50. It has an electronic configuproportionn of Kr 4d10 5s2 5p2. The table 1.1 below show properties of tin (Davies, et al., 2008).The chemical properties was sh ard similarity with germanium and chasten. Moreover, tin form compounds which has +2 and +4 as its oxidisation number with +4 has slightly extravagantlyer stability. Hence, formation of tetrahedral tin atoms occur when four valence electrons relate in the sp3 hybridization.Table 1.1 Tin Properties (Davies, et al., 2008)Based on Tin Chemistry Fundamentals, Frontiers and Application, it was stated that tin has the invariable isotopes of ten and also with the highest number of any element in the periodic table of isotopes. Thus, tin endanger vary characteristic of the mass spectra. From on the table 1.2 shown below, it reckon that twain isotopes of 117 and 119 with spin of argon utilize in the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (Davies, et al., 2008).Table 1.2 Stable isotopes of Tin (Davies, et al., 2008. p. 3)It is found that antimonial tin occur in two states which is -tin and -tin. The -tin exists as distorted cubic structure and function as electric conductor. Whereas, -tin is formed when -tin is converted slowly at temperature below 10C. as well as that, -tin exits as a diamond structure which have the properties as a semiconductor. The physical appearances of tin is white and get inertness at ambient temperature. However, tin will completely undergo oxidation to SnO2 at 200C since it is a malleable post transition metal (Davies, et al., 2008).1.2 History of TinTin has been discovered a round 3500 BC and it is known as an element that strengthen copper by forming copper-tin alloy which actually begin as early as Bronze Age civilization. The tin present in sur impertinence of Earth is only approximately 2 ppm which is far lesser compared to zinc, copper and lead. The production of tin master(prenominal)ly from mining and smelting (Davies, 2004).In 1849, gives the birth of the first organotin(IV) compound, diethyltin diiodide synthesized by Edward Frankland which ultimately devise as a new era in the field of tin chemistry. Frankland basically studies the behavior of the reaction between ethyl iodide and zinc inflameed in a sealed tube. It was that time found out that the decomposition of iodide of ethyl is unnatural by tin at the range of temperature between 150C to 200C (Davies, 2004). Threfore, his research practically preen as a seed for progress studies and was further stimulated around 1949 when various application of tin was discovered.Truly structural c hanges of compounds between the solution and solid states plays a crucial subprogram in the organotin(IV) chemistry and its applications. In early studies of the 60s and 70s, Mssbauer spectrosocopy was used to determine the sturcture of the complexes. Nevertheless, it is now been dominantly used with X-ray crstallography and 119Sn NMR collect to better technology and resolution (Davies, 2004).1.3 Preparation of Organotin(IV) CarboxylatesOrganotin(IV) carboxylatess formula is RnSn(O2CR)4-n . The complexes give the sack be produced by reacting organotin(IV) oxide or hyrdroxide with comparable carboxylic sulphurous. (equation 1.1 to1.3)R3SnOH or (R3Sn)2O + RCOOH R3SnOOCR + H2O (1.1)R2SnO + 2RCOOR R2Sn(OOCR)2 + H2O (1.2)RSn(O)OH + 3RCOOH RSN(OOCR)3 (1.3)Esterification reaction is accomplished between organotin(IV) oxides or hydroxides and carboxylic acids by azeotrophic dehydration. The above equations reactions will depend on the mixing of different mole ratio of acid and base wi th appropriate solvent. The side products, water was removed by Dean-Stark apparatus and molecular sieve.Furthermore, organotin(IV) carboxylates can be prepared by reacting organotin(IV) chloride with metal carboxylates. (equation 1.4). Meanwhile, when a tin-carbon cleaved with carboxylic acid, it can also produce organotin(IV) carboxylates or cleaved with mercury(I) or mercury (II), or lead (IV) carboxylate as shown below (Davies, 2004). (equation 1.5-1.6)RnSnCI4-n + 4-nRCOOM RnSn(OOCR)4-n + 4-nMCI (1.4)R4Sn + RCOOH R3SnOOCR +RH (1.5)R4Sn + RCOOM R3SnOOCR +RM (1.6)1.4Structures of Triorganotin(IV) ComplexesBasically the general formula for triorganotin(IV) complexes would be R3SnX and it is widely studied. This is due to the higher biological activity of triorganotin(IV) complexes compared to diorganotin(IV) complexes. The R group highly influence the biocidal activities as it contains three Sn-C whereas their volatility and solubility is affected by the X group (Kizlink, 2001). The toxicity also decreases with a decrease of organic groups bind to the tin atom. However, reviews indicated that X group itself is active biologically and an increased of aqueous solubility will lead to increased of activity (Davies, et al., 2008).Meanwhile, chelation of triorganotin monomer or polymer with a five coordination leads to a decreased of activities (Davies, et al., 2008). 11 molar ratio of carboxylic acid and triorganoitn(IV) base are used to prepare triorganotin(IV) complexes (IMTIAZ-UD-DIN and BADSHAH, 2010 Win, 2012).There are two main types of structures possess by triorganotin(IV) complexes which is chain and separate structures. Figure 1.1 shows frequent occuring stuctures of triorganotin(IV) complexes with different coordination geometries (Hadjikakou and Hadjiliadis, 2009).Figure 1.1 Frequent occurring structures in triorganotin(IV) complexes (A-C) (Hadjikakou and Hadjiliadis, 2009. p. 236)At telephone number 1.1, complexes A to C falls on the category of discrete structures. It is habitually found that Ar3SnO2CR exhibit discrete structures such as triphenyltin carboxylates. Complexes A shows possible dicarboxylate ligand that can form a var.ar polymer by bridging triorganotin(IV) groups. Complexes B is a structure that closely resemble to trigonal bipyramid containing two equivalent CO bonds with facial alkyl group groups whereas complexes C shows tetrahedral geometry with two non-equivalent CO bonds. The axial commits for complexes A to C are all occupied by O-Sn-O electronegative substituents (Davies, et al., 2008).1.5Tin ApplicationIt is undeniably that tin compounds have contributed and played a crucial role in various fields such as its property as an anticancer agent, in vitro anti-bacterial, wood preservatives, pesticides and so forth(Davies, et al., 2008). The main focus of tin application would be its organotin complexes due to its biologically active compounds in potentially threatening cancerous cells. Therefore, t remendous focus have actually diverted to anti-cancer field though its smooth have a wide applications.Table 1.3Industrial uses of organotin(IV) compounds (Omae, 2002)1.5.1AgricultureTriorganotin(IV) compounds are proven to be extremely useful in agricultural and industry as they act as fungicides, molluscides, acaricides ,biocides and pesticides based on the research and reviews conducted (Kizlink, 2001 Nath, et al., 2013). For examples, toxicity towards insects and mammals are contributed by trimethyltins whereas Gram-negative bacteria are affected by tri-n-propyltins. In addition, tri-n-butyltin and triphenyltin compounds are effective against fungi. mien of triorganotins pose as a lethal to mosquitoes and their larvae.Moreover,tributytin chloride act as an strong repellent for rodents in crops. Besides that, snails control is affected by both triphenyltin acetate and triphenyltin chloride as molluscicides. This will help to prevent descent fluke infections in human (Piver, 1 973). According to Kizlink studies, the presence of n-butyl, phenyl and cyclohexyl groups will greatly increase the biocidal activity (Davies, et al., 2008).Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide and trineophenyltin oxide acts as a acaricides which are used on citrus and vegetable crops though they are not in condition(p) to defense environment (Batt, 2006). Whereas triphenyltin(IV) hydroxide and triphenytltin(IV) acetate are used in high value crops when on that point is potential for the crops to be infected such as early blight, Alternaria solani (GUENTHNER, et al., 2000). Therefore, the common crops used for fungicides are potatoes, pecans etc.With all the advantageous as biocides, ,little did people know that when triorganotin(IV) compunds are capable of adsorbed into the soil. This will eventually lead to contamination of surface water due to runoff (Okoro, et al., 2011).1.5.2 Anti-cancer ActivityIn 1965, platinum complexes which is known as cis-diamminedichloroplatinum or cisplatin tha t characterized anti-proliferative activity has been discovered by Rosenberg (Alama, et al., 2009). Since then, platinum (II) complexes has been used as anti-cancer agent (Lippard and Jamieson, 1999). Regardless of its success, conducted studies has shown that it possess side effects (Langer, et al., 2013). Therefore, a non-platinum metal complexes field has been been prompted to studied with continual investigation of new complexes as antitumor drugs.Besides that, there has been many reviews and studies on organotin carboxylates due to its antitumor potential. Generally, triorganotin(IV) complexes had been widely known to possess superior activity than diorganotin deriavatives (Baul, et al., 2005 Ali, et al., 2011 Yip, et al., 2012). This rules apply to some of the activties and had been recognized as R3SnL R2SnL2 RSnL3. Literature had indicated that triphenyltin(IV) complexes have remarkable activty in in vitro antitumor against human mamary tumour (MCF-7) and colon carcinoma (W IDR) (Baul, et al., 2009).It is also reported that the actvity of triphenyltin(IV) complexes are higher than otherwise complexes with p-hydroxybenzoic acids. This is because of the high values of half inhibitory tightness (IC50) lipoxygenase stifling compared to organitins(IV) and also reference cisplastin. Besides that, the inhibition of lipoxygenase and the activity of anti-proliferative against smooth muscle tumor, a leiomyosarcoma cells are higher for triorganitin(IV) compounds compared to diorganotin(IV) compounds (Nu, Li and Li, 2014).High lipophilic deportment ,ability to penetrate cell membrane and promotion of binding to biological molecules due to its phenyls group of triorganotin(IV) carboxylates showed high cytotoxic activity further confirms its impressive cytotoxicity in vitro against human lung cell line and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Ma, et al., 2014).Furthermore, spontaneous disproportionation reactions in solution may undergone by triorganotin(IV) derivatives into di- and tetraorganotin(IV) derivatives. In the mean time, lost of alkyl or aryl group may happened in in vivo during interception of aromatase enzyme. Therefore, there is possibility to recognize diorganotin(IV) complexes might be the ultimatum of cytotoxic agent and pharmacokinetic considerations in relation to commonly observed triorganotin(IV) compounds high activity (Alama, et al., 2009).The organotin carboxylates can be further studied by exploring the ligand of the carboxylic acid, coordination number of the central tin atoms which play a crucial role in determine factor of the anti-tumor activity or cytotoxicity properties (Hadjikakou and Hadjiliadis, 2009 Ding, et al., 2012 Thorpe, et al., 2013). In conclusion, simultaneous in researching leads to potential in discovery in designing new anticancer drugs which will greatly help in our publicity in the medical field.1.5.3 AntifoulingExploit of trioganotin(IV) compounds can be used as a biocidal agent in anti -fouling paints for ships. In fact, tri-n-butyltin oxide (TBTO) is the first organotin compound to be discover for its properties. The function of anti-fouling systems is to coat and paint ships that acts as tutelary layer in order to inhibit attachment of Chlamydomas sp. or acorn barnacles. Shipping industry will face a serious problem if marine fouling occur due to increased surface roughness and resistance in water. Therefore, a consumption of 40% of fuel is needed to maintain the normal speed (Omae, 2003).Furthermore, triorganotin(IV) compounds are resistance towards corrosion on aluminum hulls which is why it is favoured. Besides that the ability of tributyltin oxide to mix with pain solvents as a colorationless liquid can be used in many biocidal applications. However, tributyltin oxide is highly soluble in seawater and thus giving a short term protection. Whereas, triphenyltin(IV) fluoride has become a common antifungal paint due to its long life protection from algae and s hells (Omae, 2003).Even though both tributyltin oxide and triphenyltin(IV) fluoride made a good antifouling paint, studies had shown that they contribute contamination to the aquatic environment (Hartl, 2012). It was suggested that biocides release is caused by high pressure hosing activities in which the paint particles become attached with the sediments and also leaching (Konstantinou and Albanis, 2004)1.5.4 Wood preservativesIt is undeniable that wood is a precious gift from the mother nature and serves as as a wide applicant in the world. Specific wood species are needed for construction due its superior physical, mechanical and aesthetically pleasing performance (Jusoh, 2012). However, not all wood species are durable for outdoor activities. Therefore, organotin(IV) compounds are set as a wood preservatives such as tributyltin(IV) oxide and tributyltin(IV) naphthenate.Based on Kizlink research in category 2000, triorganotin(IV) compounds are found to inhibit the growth of myc elium from wood-destroying fungi Coniophora puteana, Serpula lacrymans and mould suspensions. It is reported that butyl group in n-alkyi fetter contained by triorganotin(IV) compounds such as bis(tributyltin) oxide and tributyltin N, N-diethyldithiocarbamate is highly effective against fungi.On the other hand, inhibitory activity of fungicides of triphenyltin(IV) compounds appear to be lower than tributyltin(IV) compounds. This studies indicated and proven that smaller molecular volume of R3Sn have a better establisment to the site of inhibitory action compared to bigger molecular volume.Whereas in the studies of Jusoh, it was suggested that Alstonia schlaris, Macaranga triloba and Hevea brasiliensis were preserved succesfully by organotin(IV) compounds. This results would be further supported by the binding of tin compounds with the wood cell from the FTIR spectra which serves as a preservations of treatability of the particular(prenominal) wood species.1.5.5 Poly (vinyl chloride ) (PVC) stabilizersThe degradation of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) or oxygenolysis occur at lower temperature of its processing temperature. Thus, conjugation of double bonds are established and the decomposition will release hydrogen chloride (HCI) which then be reduced by heat stabilizers through absorption (Arkis and Balkose, 2004 Wang, et al., 2014). The stabilizers are composed of mono or di-disubstituted organotin(IV) compounds which usually added to pipes, films and packing materials due to their caloric stability (Nu, Li and Li, 2014).Common PVC stabilizers can be differentiated with their alkyl group of organotins which is methyl, butyl and octyl (Okoro, et al., 2011). Since the toxicity of monoorganotin stabilizers towards mammals are extremely low, they are widely used with an added advantage of low raw material cost. On the other hand, the efficiency of octyltins are lesser due to its lower tin content (Batt, 2006).According to Songwon in 2013 by Tin Intermediates Select ion Guide, the examples of organtin(IV) complex used as a heat stabilizers is butyltin(IV) mercaptide, dibutyltin(IV) dilaurate, monobutyltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate) and dioctyltin mercaptide. Tin mercaptides are found to be the most desired due to its high efficiency acting as a weak acid reacting with labile chloride sites on PVC. Besides that, solubility of the stabilizer and lubrication in polymer processing is compound by the high molecular weights and ester group in mercaptan ligands (Batt, 2006).1.6 Other usage of Organotin(IV) compoundsBesides organotin(IV) compounds acts as an bacteriacide and antifungal agent, it also has mothproofing properties to treated fabrics such as bis(tributyltin) oxide. This is due the advantage of being lacking of color and staining. Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria found in hospital also can be controlled by chemical bis(tributyltin) oxide (Piver, 1973).Diorganotin(IV) compounds are used as catalysts to in process of forming polyurethane and s ilicon elastomers (Okoro, et al., 2011). Dibutyltin(IV) compounds such as diibutytin(IV) dilaurate is responsible in controlling tapeworms for poultry such as Raillietina cesticillus.1.7 Effects of Organotin(IV) compoundsHumans are affected by organotins consumption of contaminated food, waters from pipelines of PVC or inhalation from agricultural activities and industry processes. The symptoms includes liver damage, loss of weight and neurological disorder.Birds are affected by their uptake of food in which their torso structure, diet and metabolism of butyltin determines the accumulation in their tissues. Tri-n-butyltin oxide will greatly impact the immunological system and hormones activities of the birds.Whereas the doorway of organotins to fishes is through uptake of water from the gills and diet factor. The toxic effects would be on the red blood cells, gills and liver in the presence of tributyltin(IV) compounds(Namiesnik, et al., 2013).Another evidence was proved by study ing chronic toxicity of organotin(IV) compounds by observing gastropods as subjects. It was found that gastropods exhibit imposex which can be defined as having priapic organs such as penis in a female species even with low concentration of tributyltins. This literally means that contamination of organotins greatly affects all biological living species (Omae. 2002)1.8 ObjectivesThe main objectives of this research is to synthetic thinking (4-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzoato)triphenyltin(IV) from the reaction between 4-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with triphenyltin(IV) oxide.The second objective of this research is to study the characterization of the synthesized complexes through last of melting point, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR) as KBR dics, 119Sn, 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy (NMR) with the means of quantitatively and qualitatively.The third objective for this study is to determine the structure and coord ination geometry of the tin moiety carboxylates. wedge ratio of the reactants, polarity of solvent, temperature of refluxing etc. will contribute to the effects of coordination number and binding mode of the ligand to the tin atom which will be investigated.